Everyone's an Author focuses on writing as it really is today-with words, images, and sounds, in print and online-and encourages students to see the connections between their everyday writing and academic writing. It covers the genres college students need to learn to write-and teaches them to do so across media. It bridges the gap between Facebook and academic writing, showing how the strategies students use instinctively in social media can inform their academic writing. And it provides a strong rhetorical framework that guides students in the decisions they need to make as authors today.
Table of Contents
Table of contents Copyright, iv Preface, xi Acknowledgments, xiv Abbreviations, xv About the Author, xix Part One. The Policy-Making Process, 1 1. Ecosystem Interdependence, 1 The Steady State, 4 Common Pool Resources, 4 Summary, 5 Notes, 6 2. Changing Cultural and Social Beliefs: From Conservation to Environmentalism, 7 Dominant Social Paradigm, 7 Economics and Growth, 8 The Role of Religion, 11 Science and Technology: Our Views of Nature, 12 Toward Better Science Policy, 15 History of the Environmental Movement, 16 Dominance, 16 Early Awakening, 16 Early Conservationist, 17 Later Conservationist, 17 The Reawakening, 18 Complacency, 19 The Little Reagan Revolution, 19 Post-Reagan Resurgence, 19 Interest Groups, 20 Public Opinion and the Environment, 22 Demographics, 24 Elections, 25 Environmental Discourse, 26 Survivalism, 27 Prometheans, 27 Administrative Rationalism, 28 Democratic Pragmatism, 28 Economic Rationalism, 29 Sustainable Development, 29 Ecological Modernization, 30 Green Romanticism, 30 Green Rationalism, 31 Summary, 31 Notes, 32 3. The Regulatory Environment, 36 The Regulatory Context, 36 Science and Risk Analysis, 37 Unanticipated Consequences, 39 Cost–Benefit Analysis, 40 The Role of Government, 41 Approaches to Regulation, 43 Fundamentals of Environmental Law, 45 Summary, 47 Notes, 48 4. The Political and Institutional Setting, 49 The Institutional Setting, 49 Formal Institutions, 49 Informal Institutions, 52 Institutional Biases, 55 Incrementalism, 55 Decentralization, 56 Short-Term Bias, 56 Ideological Bias, 57 Private Nature of Public Policy Making, 58 Crisis and Reforms, 58 The Political Setting, 60 Pluralism, 60 The Regulators, 64 Summary, 80 Notes, 81 Part Two. Environmental Policy, 85 5. Air Pollution, 85 Sources, 85 Health Effects, 88 Motor Vehicles, 90 Air Pollution: Law, Regulations, and Enforcement, 93 Regulatory Innovations, 96 Regulatory Issues, 99 Toxic Air Pollution, 101 Acid Rain, 104 Stratospheric Ozone, 108 The Greenhouse Effect (Global Warming), 113 Summary, 118 Notes, 118 6. Water, 126 Sources, 127 Nonpoint Sources of Pollution, 129 Groundwater Pollution, 130 Health Effects of Water Pollution, 131 Water Law and Regulation, 132 Clean Water Act, 132 The CWA and Nonpoint Pollution Sources, 134 The CWA and the Regulatory Environment, 134 Safe Drinking Water Act, 136 Criticisms of Water Pollution Policy, 138 The Paradox in Water Pollution Policy, 140 Summary, 144 Notes, 144 7. Energy, 149 History of Energy, 151 Industrial Revolution, 151 Oil and War, 151 Role of Personal Consumption, 152 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and the Oil Crises, 153 Development of Nuclear Power, 156 Development of a National Energy Policy, 157 Nonrenewable Energy Sources, 161 Coal, 161 Oil, 163 Natural Gas, 164 Geothermal Energy, 164 Nuclear Power, 165 Renewable Energy, 166 Hydropower, 167 Solar Power, 168 Wind Power, 169 Biomass, 170 Conservation and Energy Efficiency: Some Suggestions for the Future, 172 Conservation in Homes and Buildings, 173 Conservation in Transportation, 174 Conservation in Industry, 175 Obstacles to Conservation, 176 An Ecological Conclusion, 177 Summary, 178 Notes, 178 8. Toxic and Hazardous Materials and Waste Management, 189 Solid Waste, 190 What Is Solid Waste?, 190 Scope of the Problem, 191 Disposal Methods, 192 Regulations, 193 Solutions, 194 Hazardous Wastes, 198 Nature of the Problem, 198 Disposal Methods, 200 Federal Regulations, 204 Regulatory Problems, 208 The Policy Paradox in Hazardous Waste Management, 211 Summary, 214 Notes, 214 9. Land Management Issues, 222 Local Land-Use Planning, 222 Types of Land-Use Planning, 223 Urban Planning, 224 Smart Growth, 226 Soil Erosion, 228 Farmland Conversion, 229 Desertification, 231 Federal Land Management, 231 Multiple-Use, 232 Recreation, 233 Fee Demonstration Project, 233 Commercial Recreation Permits and Concessions, 233 Fire Management, 234 Roadless Areas, 235 Wilderness, 235 History, 235 Proposed Wilderness and Wilderness Study Areas, 237 National Park Service Management, 239 Endangered Species, 240 Ecosystem Management, 244 Summary, 246 Notes, 246 10. International Environmental Issues, 253 Population and Food Production, 254 Desertification and Food Production, 259 Global Pollution, 260 The Ozone Layer, 260 The Greenhouse, 262 Deforestation, 264 Ocean Pollution, 265 Less Developed Countries: North Vs. South, 266 International Conflict, 268 Summary, 270 Notes, 271 11. International Environmental Management, 275 International Environmentalism, 275 Alternative Political Systems, 277 Market-Based Economies, 277 Collective Ownership Systems, 278 Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, 278 China, 280 International Environmental Management, 281 Common Pool Resources, 282 Creation of an IGO, 283 Economic Globalization and the Second Industrial Revolution, 285 International Regulatory Efforts, 287 Controlling Oceanic Pollution, 287 Atmospheric Conventions, 288 Hazardous Waste Control at the International Level, 290 Protection of Endangered and Threatened Species, 290 Trends in the International Regulatory Process, 291 Summary, 292 Notes, 292 Conclusion, 296 Notes, 299 Appendix A. How We Study Public Policy-Theoretical Approaches, 300 Appendix B. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, as Amended, 308 Index, 316
