Cross, Gary : Penn State University

Gary Cross, professor of history at Penn State, is author of numerous articles and eight books, including Kid´s Stuff: Toys and the Changing Worlds of American Childhood, Time and Money: The Making of Consumer Culture, A Quest for Time: The Reduction of Work in Britain and France, and Technology and American Society.

"In this readable overview of a century of American consumerism, Gary Cross shows how 'private, widespread and ephemeral commodity culture´ has altered daily life, 'especially how people relate to nature and to one another.´ The author of fine historical studies of various aspects of consumer culture, Cross is particularly well placed to undertake such a daunting task."

-- The Journal of American History

"Good history of consumerism in past 100 years. Contains extensive index on consumer culture."

--Ruth Jean Shaw, AASL, "Outstanding" Rated Titles from University Press Books: Selected for Public and Secondary School Libraries, also selected for Public Libraries

"By telling the story of how consumerism trumped social forces from Prohibition to the Simplicity movement, Cross brilliantly re-evaluates the bonds of family and community sold off to pay for the stuff with which we now populate our lives."

-- San Francisco Chronicle

"It takes a historian to provide an appreciation of how far Americans have wandered from the days when consumerism was slightly suspect, and Gary Cross is superbly up to the task."

--Alan Wolfe The New Republic

"Cross has done prodigious work on the era that redefined the pursuit of happiness as the unbounded desire for goods. Building on an impressive range of scholarship, he lays out the sinews of a dazzling 100 years of American productivity chock full of the economic equivalents of flying rugs and magic lamps."

--Tom Engelhardt Los Angeles Times Book Review

"The best survey yet written of the history of modern American consumer society . . . Avoiding the extremes of celebration and condemnation that too often pass for analysis, Cross's searching book is imbued with a generous concern for the revival of an active, democratic and participatory public sphere."

--Lawrence B. Glickman The Nation

"[An] absorbing cultural history of how Americans' personal and public identities have evolved in relationship with consumer goods."

-- Publishers Weekly

"Attention shoppers! In his comprehensive, lively and nuanced history, Gary Cross demonstrates that all of the "isms" of the twentieth century were trumped by a near universal desire to become consumers. Cross's understanding both of the satisfactions of acquiring things, and of the discontents that lurk beneath gives this study a depth and empathy that's rare in studies of commercial culture."

--Tom Hine, author of The Rise and Fall of the American Teenager and Populuxe

"In this sweeping study of Americans´ spending habits and attitudes, Gary Cross argues that consumerism was the 'ism´ that won the twentieth century. This bold argument transcends the jeremiads and celebrations to assess the triumph of American consumer culture in all its complexity. The book is destined to spark debate and provide ample food for thought and soul searching as we decide what kind of society we want to become in the twenty-first century."

--Elaine May, University of Minnesota, author of Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era

"This readable modern history is enlivened."

-- The Economist

From the Columbia University Press Web site, October, 2002

The unqualified victory of consumerism in America was not a foregone conclusion. The United States has traditionally been the home of the most aggressive and often thoughtful criticism of consumption, including Puritanism, Prohibition, the simplicity movement, the ´60s hippies, and the consumer rights movement. But at the dawn of the twenty-first century, not only has American consumerism triumphed, there isn´t even an "ism" left to challenge it. An All-Consuming Century is a rich history of how market goods came to dominate American life over that remarkable hundred years between 1900 and 2000 and why for the first time in history there are no practical limits to consumerism.

By 1930 a distinct consumer society had emerged in the United States in which the taste, speed, control, and comfort of goods offered new meanings of freedom, thus laying the groundwork for a full-scale ideology of consumer´s democracy after World War II. From the introduction of Henry Ford´s Model T ("so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one") and the innovations in selling that arrived with the department store (window displays, self service, the installment plan) to the development of new arenas for spending (amusement parks, penny arcades, baseball parks, and dance halls), Americans embraced the new culture of commercialism -with reservations. However, Gary Cross shows that even the Depression, the counterculture of the 1960s, and the inflation of the 1970s made Americans more materialistic, opening new channels of desire and offering opportunities for more innovative and aggressive marketing. The conservative upsurge of the 1980s and ´90s indulged in its own brand of self-aggrandizement by promoting unrestricted markets. The consumerism of today, thriving and largely unchecked, no longer brings families and communities together; instead, it increasingly divides and isolates Americans.

Consumer culture has provided affluent societies with peaceful alternatives to tribalism and class war, Cross writes, and it has fueled extraordinary economic growth. The challenge for the future is to find ways to revive the still valid portion of the culture of constraint and control the overpowering success of the all-consuming twentieth century.

Preface
1. The Irony of a Century
2. Setting the Course, 1900---1930
3. Promises of More, 1930---1960
4. Coping with Abundance
5. A New Consumerism, 1960---1980
6. Markets Triumphant, 1980---2000
7. An Ambiguous Legacy
Index