In full color with over 100 illustrations and corresponding discussion questions, Perspectives on Argument provides the visual appeal that you expect and gives timely consideration to visual argument in our media-oriented culture. At its core, this text continues to present Nancy Wood's intuitive explanation of Toulmin, Classical and Rogerian approaches, and rhetorical and visual analysis. Her classroom-tested assignment sequence allows you to progress from easy to more difficult writing tasks and to integrate reading, thinking, writing, and research skills at every stage. The many readings and visuals help you consider the range of opinion before refining or formulating their own.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Contents
Alternate Table of Contents
Preface
Part I: Engaging with Argument for Reading, Writing, and Viewing Images
Chapter 1: A Perspective on Argument
What Is Your Current Perspective on Argument?
A Definition of Argument
Recognizing Traditional and Consensual Argument
Recognizing Visual Argument
Under What Conditions Does Argument Work Best?
Under What Conditions Does Argument Fail?
Distinguish Between Ethical and Unethical Argument
Recognizing Argument in the 21st Century
How Should You Engage with Issues?
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Essays for Analysis
*Felix Carroll, �No escape from 'helicopter parents�
Abby Ellin, �The Laptop Ate My Attention Span�
Prisna Virasin, �The Barbie Controversy�
Images for Analysis
Image 1. Blessed Art Thou
Image 2. The Tide Is High
Chapter 2: The Rhetorical Situation: Understanding Audience and Context
Analyze the Rhetorical Situation When You Read an Argument
Analyze the Rhetorical Situation When You View a Visual Argument
Analyze the Rhetorical Situation When You Encounter an Argument Online
Use the Rhetorical Situation When You Write an Argument
Conducting an Audience Analysis
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Essays for Analysis
Chris Piper, ��A� Is for �Absent�
*Will Harrel, �A Defense of Grade Deflation�
*Library of Congress, �The Civil Rights Era�
Images for Analysis
Image 1. Rosa Parks Rides in the Front of the Bus
Image 2. Auschwitz Victims of Medical Experiments
Image 3. Camp Officials at Leisure
Worksheet 1: Rhetorical Situation
Chapter 3: Reading, Thinking, and Writing about Issues
Getting Started on a Writing Assignment
Read to Develop Arguments for Your Paper
Take Notes and Avoid Plagiarism
Write Your Paper, Read It, Think About It, and Revise It
Practice Your Process by Writing These Papers
Submit Your Paper for Peer Review
Expressing Multiple Perspectives Through Visual Argument
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Essays for Analysis
Jerry Adler, �The Race for Survival�
Gina Kolata, �Psst! Ask for Donor 1913�
*Randy Cohen, �When Texting Is Wrong�
Prisna Virasin, �The Controversy Behind Barbie�
*Congressional Research Service, �Flag Protection: A History of Recent Supreme Court Decisions�
Images for Analysis
Image 1. Sperm Donors
Image 2. Three Perspectives on the American Flag as a Symbol
Worksheet 2: Explanatory Paper
Part II: Understanding the Nature of Argument for Reading, Writing, and Viewing Images
Chapter 4: The Essential Parts of an Argument: The Toulmin Model
The Outcomes of Argument: Probability versus Certainty
The Parts of an Argument According to the Toulmin Model
Value of the Toulmin Model for Reading, Writing, and Viewing Argument
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Images for Analysis
Image 1. Sense of Community, Advertisement
Image 2. �The Price of Oranges� Cartoon
Essays for Analysis
Virginia Heffernan, �Calling Blue: And on That Farm He Had a Cellphone�
Mohamed T. Diaby, Jr., �Toulmin Analysis of �The Price of Oranges��
Richard D. Rieke and Malcolm O. Sillars, �American Value Systems�
Chapter 5: Types of Claims
Five Types of Claims
Value of the Claim Types and the Claim Questions for Reading, Viewing, and Writing Argument
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Essays for Analysis
Haya El Nasser, �Fewer Call Themselves Multiracial�
Editorial, �Brother, Can You Spare A Word?�
*Jeffrey Young, �High Tech Cheating Abounds, and Professors Are Partly to Blame�
Mortimer B. Zuckerman, �What Sets Us Apart�
*Rebecca Cho, �Is Bottled Water a Moral Issue?�
Michael Crichton, �Let�s Stop Scaring Ourselves�
Jim Holt, �Unintelligent Design�
Barry Schwartz, �When It�s All Too Much�
Images for Analysis
Image 1: War Casualties
Image 2: Lunch at the United States � Mexico Border Fence
Image 3: The Rh�ne Glacier
Image 4: Liberate Your Cool
Image 5: Corn Power
Chapter 6: Types of Proof
The Traditional Categories of Proof
Types of Logical Proof: Logos
Proof That Builds Credibility: Ethos
Types of Emotional Proof: Pathos
Logos, Ethos, and Pathos Communicated Through Language and Style
Value of the Proofs for Reading, Viewing, and Writing Argument
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Images for Analysis
Image 1: Meet the Philip Morris Generation, Advertisement
Image 2: Helping Out
Image 3: Who Has the Money? Chart
*Image 4: Inner City Housing
*Image 5: Little Girl on Bed in Rundown Bedroom
Essays for Analysis
Anna Quindlen, �Undocumented, Indispensable�
*Government Accountability Office, �Poverty in America: Consequences for Individuals and the Economy�
Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence
Chapter 7: The Fallacies and Ethical Argument
Fallacies in Logic
Fallacies that Affect Character or Ethos
Emotional Fallacies
Ethics and Morality in Argument
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Images for Analysis
Image 1: A Vitamin Ad
Image 2: A Body Spray Ad
Image 3: An Ad for a Blog
Image 4: President Lincoln Among the Crowd at Gettysburg
Image 5: The Soldier�s National Monument that Stands in the Center of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Essays for Analysis
Kelly Dickerson, �Minor Problems?�
Rush Limbaugh, �The Latest from the Feminist �Front��
The Gettysburg Address
Chapter 8: Visual Argument
Recognizing Visual Argument
Why Visual Argument Is Convincing: Eight Special Features
Recognizing the Visual in Online Argument
Using Argument Theory to Critique Visual Argument
Bias in Visual Argument
Sample Analysis of a Visual Argument
Add Visual Argument to Support Written Argument
Create Visual Arguments That Stand Alone
Arguing Like a Citizen
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Images for Analysis
Image 1. West Bank Barrier
Image 2. Crossing Over
Image 3. Coming Home to a Destroyed Neighborhood
Image 4. LeBron James
Image 5 At Home Outdoors
Multiple Visual Perspectives on an Issue for Analysis
Image 1. Adam and God
Image 2. Play Ball
Image 3. Robot with a Grappler
Image 4. Missionary and Child
Cartoon: �Get Out!� for Analysis
Visual Arguments Created by Students
Student Visual Argument 1. Untitled Collage
Student Visual Argument 2. Never Again
Analytical Essay on Never Again
Student Visual Argument 3. Farm Town News
Analytical Essay on Farm Town News
Worksheet 3: Visual Argument Development
Chapter 9: Rogerian Argument and Common Ground
Achieving Common Ground in Rogerian Argument
Rogerian Argument as Strategy
Rogerian Argument Online
Writing Rogerian Argument
Rogerian Argument in Academic Writing
Using Rogerian Principles to Argue Like a Citizen
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Essays for Analysis
Edward O. Wilson, �The Future of Life�
Angela A. Boatwright, �Human Cloning: Is It a Viable Option?�
Eric Hartman, �Let Those Who Ride Decide!�
Elizabeth Nabhan, �Dear Boss�
Images for Analysis
Image 1. Hands Across the World
Image 2. Bridging the Gap
Image 3. Bipartisanship and What It Can Achieve
Chapter 10: Review and Synthesis of the Strategies for Reading, Writing, and Viewing Argument
Reading for the Argument Analysis Paper
Writing the Argument Analysis Paper
Rhetorical Situation for �A Call to Unity: A Letter from Eight White Clergymen� and �Letter from Birmingham Jail�
Focus Topics to Help You Analyze the Letters
Letters for Analysis
�A Call for Unity: A Letter from Eight White Clergymen�
Martin Luther King Jr., �Letter from Birmingham Jail�
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Part III: Writing a Research Paper That Presents an Argument
Chapter 11: The Research Paper: Planning, Research, and Invention
Understanding the Assignment and Getting Started
Writing a Claim and Clarifying Your Purpose
Some Preliminary Questions to Help You Narrow and Develop Your Claim
Developing a Research Plan
Understanding the Audience
Analyzing Your Class as Your Audience
Constructing an Unfamiliar Audience
Using Information About Your Audience
Get Organized for Research
Locating Sources for Research
Evaluating Sources
Create a Bibliography
Taking and Organizing Your Notes
Two Invention Strategies to Help You Think Creatively about Your Research and Expand Your Own Ideas
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Worksheet 4: Claim Development
Worksheet 5: Research Plan
Worksheet 6: Audience Analysis
Annotated Bibliography
Student Paper: Angela Boatwright, �Human Cloning: An Annotated Bibliography�
Add Visual Material to the Annotated Bibliography
Example Image: Welcome Clones of 2012
Worksheet 7: Research
Worksheet 8: Research Evaluation
Worksheet 9: Invention
Worksheet 10: Proofs and Language Development
Chapter 12: The Research Paper: Using Sources, Writing, and Revising
How to Match Patterns and Support to Claims
Outline Your Paper and Cross-Reference Your Notes
Incorporating Research into Your First Draft
Make Revisions and Prepare the Final Copy
Present Your Paper Orally to the Class
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Appendix to Chapter 12: How to Document Sources Using MLA and APA Styles
How to Document Sources Using MLA Style
MLA: How to Cite Sources in the Body of the Text
MLA: How to Cite Sources in the Works Cited Page
Questions on the Researched Position Paper, MLA Style
MLA Student Paper
Prisna Virasin, �The Big Barbie Controversy�
How to Document Sources Using APA Style
APA: How to Cite Sources in the References Page
APA Student Paper
Darrell D. Greer, Alaskan Wolf Management
Questions on the Researched Position Paper, APA Style
Part IV: Further Applications: Argument and Literature
Chapter 13: Argument and Literature
Finding and Analyzing Arguments in Literature
Writing Arguments About Literature
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Literature for Analysis
Poem: Langston Hughes, �Theme for English B�
Poem: Taylor Mali, �Totally Like Whatever, You Know?�
Poem: Robert Frost, �Mending Wall�
Short Story: Ursula K. LeGuin, �The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas�
*Graphic Novel: Art Spiegelman, Maus: A Survivor�s Tale
Part V: The Reader
Introduction
Purpose of �The Reader�
How to Use �The Reader�
Section 1: Issues Concerning Families and Personal Relationships
The Issues
Web Sites for Further Exploration and Research
Film and Literature Related to Families and Personal Relationships
The Rhetorical Situation
A. What Is the Status of the Traditional American Family? How is the Family Being Redefined?
Megan Kelso, �Watergate Sue: Epilogue�
*Sarah Yoest Pederson, �A Family of a Different Feather�
*Lorraine Ali, �The Curious Lives of Surrogates�
*Stacy Morrison, �The Ex-Husband Who Never Left�
B. What Causes Personal Relationships to Succeed or Fail?
Steven Pinker, �Crazy Love�
*Christine Hassler, �Digital Dating: Desperation or Necessity?�
Reading Images: Movie Madness
Anita Jain, �Is Arranged Marriage Really Any Worse Than Craigslist?�
Jennifer 8. Lee, �The Man Date�
Questions to Help You Think and Write About Family and Personal Relationships
Section 2: Issues Concerning Modern Technology
The Issues
Web Sites for Further Exploration and Research
Films and Literature Related to Modern Technology
The Rhetorical Situation
A. How Are Web 2.0 Technologies Changing the Way We Live and Our Knowledge of the World?
*Nicholas Carr, �Is Google Making Us Stupid?�
Andrew Keen, �Introduction, The Cult of the Amateur�
*Clay Shirky, �Does the Internet Make You Smarter?�
Reading Images: Ways of Reading
Matthew Kirschenbaum, �How Reading Is Being Reimagined�
B. What Are the Benefits and Dangers of Genetic Engineering for Individuals and for Society?
Ray Kurzweil, �Our Bodies, Our Technologies�
Peggy Orenstein, �Your Gamete, Myself�
*Kathleen Craig, �Making a Living in Second Life�
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Modern Technology
Section 3: Issues Concerning Education and School
The Issues
Web Sites for Further Exploration and Research
Films and Literature Related to Education and School
The Rhetorical Situation
A. How Should Our Current Education System Be Reformed?
*John Taylor Gatto, �Take Back Your Education�
*Scott Jaschik, �Getting Out of Grading�
*Kevin Carey, �College Consumerism Run Amok�
*Linda Morgan, �I�m Bored! What Your Child is Really Telling You�
B. What Role Should Technology Play in Education?
*Sarah Perez, �Social Network Profile Costs Woman College Degree�
*Mira Jacob, �The Great Baby Einstein Scam�
*Zach Miners, �Twitter Goes to College�
*Kerry Soper, �Rate My Professor�s Appearance�
Questions to Help You Think and Write About Education and School
Section 4: Issues Concerning Race, Culture, and Identity
The Issues
Web Sites for Further Exploration and Research
Films and Literature Related to Race, Culture, and Identity
The Rhetorical Situation
A. How Important Is Race to American Identity?
Emma Daly, �DNA Test Gives Students Ethnic Shocks�
Reading Images: Racial Role Reversal in William Shakespeare�s Othello
Martin Luther King Jr., �I Have a Dream�
K.A. Dilday, �Go Back to Black�
B. To What Extent Does Individual Identity Depend on Ethnic Affiliation?�
*Roger Simon, �What Happened to Post-Racial America?
Dorinne K. Kondo, �On Being a Conceptual Anomaly�
Katie Halper, �Digging For Roots at Secular Camp�
Richard Rodriguez, �Surnames Reflect Changing Face of America�
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Race, Culture, and Identity
Section 5: Issues Concerning the Environment
The Issues
Web Sites for Further Exploration and Research
Film and Literature Related to the Environment
The Rhetorical Situation
A. Is Global Warming a Problem, and If It Is, What Can Be Done about It?
Al Gore, �An Inconvenient Truth� Introduction
George F. Will, �An Inconvenient Price�
Gregg Easterbrook, �Some Convenient Truths�
Brian Clark, �The Butterfly Effect and the Environment: How Tiny Actions Can Save the World�
B. How Can We Resolve the Economy versus Environment Debate?
Reading Images: Coal Mining and the Environment
*Daniel Stone, �Slaves to Industry�
Reading Images: The Rain Forest
Stuart Price, �Carving Up the Congo�
*Lisa Hamilton, �Unconventional Farmers; Let Them Eat Meat�
Brian Wingfield, �For Job Market, Green Means Growth�
Reading Images: �Near-Zero Energy Home� Advertisement
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Issues of the Environment
Section 6: Issues Concerning Immigration
The Issues
Web Sites for Further Exploration and Research
Films and Literature Related to Immigration
The Rhetorical Situation
A. How Should We Respond to the Global Problem of Illegal Immigration?
Marc Cooper, �Exodus�
Peter Wilby, �The Right to Sell Labor�
*Angela Maria Kelley, �The Changing Face of Immigration in America�
B. Do Good Fences Mark Good Neighbors When Defining National Borders?
Jonah Goldberg, �To Wall or Not to Wall�
*David Aaronovitch, �It�s Not Immigrations We Fear, It�s Change�
Reading Images: What Is American?
Miguel Bustillo, �Town Against the Wall�
C. What Is the Relationship between Immigration and Nationality?
Arian Campo-Flores, �America�s Divide�
Jae Ran Kim, �The Great American Melting Pot?�
Lynn Ahrens, �The Great American Melting Pot�
Reading Images: American Ideals
James Montague, �They Just Won�t Mix�
Questions to Help You Think and Write about Immigration
Section 7: Issues Concerning War and Peace
The Issues
Web Sites for Further Exploration and Research
Films and Literature Related to War and Peace
The Rhetorical Situation
A. Is War Inevitable? How Does War Become Integral to Society?�
William James, �The Moral Equivalent of War�
Reading Images: War Memorials and Martial Character
Margaret Mead, �Warfare: An Invention � Not a Biological Necessity�
Reading Images: Seeking Shelter Where He Can Find It
*David Goodman, �A Few Good Kids?�
B. How Do People Justify War?
*Noah Charles Pierce, �Iraq War Poems�
*Frank Deford, �Sweetness and Light�
