This combination rhetoric/reader helps readers develop strategies for critical reading, critical thinking, research,
and writing that will help the reader argue clearly and convincingly. It teaches them to identify and develop arguments,
to read and form reactions and opinions of their own, to analyze an audience, to seek common ground, and to use
a wide, realistic range of techniques to write argument papers that express their individual views and original
perspectives on modern issues.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Table of Contents:
Part I: Engaging with Argument for Reading, Writing, and Viewing Images
Chapter 1: A Perspective on Argument
What Is Your Current Perspective on Argument?
A Definition of Argument
Recognizing Traditional and Consensual
Argument
Recognizing Visual Argument
Under What Conditions Does Argument Work Best?
Under What Conditions Does Argument Fail?
Distinguish between Ethical and Unethical Argument
Engaging with Issues
How Should You Engage with Issues?
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Essays for Analysis:
AUDREY ROCK-RICHARDSON / Pay Your Own Way! (Then Thank Mom)
ABBY ELLIN / The Laptop Ate My Attention Span
PRISNA VIRASIN / The Barbie Controversy
Images for Analysis:
Image 1. Blessed Art Thou
Image 2. The Tide Is High
Chapter 2: Identifying Your Preferred Argument Style
The Adversarial and Consensual Styles of Argument
Individual Styles of Argument
Influence of Background, Experience, and Role Models
Influence of Gender
Influence of Culture
A Study of the Influence of Students� Gender and Culture on Their Argument Style
Influence of Nationality
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Essays for Analysis:
SHIRLEE TAYLOR HAIZLIP / We Knew What Glory Was
RANDALL HAMUD / We�re Fighting Terror, But Killing Freedom
CHANG-LIN TIEN / A View from Berkeley
ERNEST MARTINEZ / Giving People a Second Chance
SUZETTE BREWER / One of Our Own: Training Native Teachers for the 21st Century
JUDY BRADY / Why I Want a Wife
REIKO HATSUMI / A Simple �Hai� Won�t Do
Images for Analysis: Five Advertisements
Image 1. Mary J. Blige and Her New Car
Image 2. Young Man Doing His Banking
Image 3. If I Stay on the Rez
Image 4. Blood Donor
Image 5. Cell Phones in Africa
Chapter 3: The Rhetorical Situation: Understanding Audience and Context
Analyze the Rhetorical Situation When You Read an Argument
Analyze the Rhetorical Situation When You View a Visual Image That Makes an Argument
Use the Rhetorical Situation When You Write Argument
Conducting an Audience Analysis
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Essays for Analysis:
CHRIS PIPER / �A� Is for �Absent�
BRENT STAPLES / Driving Down the Highway, Mourning the Death of American Radio
PETER APPLEBOME / The Man behind Rosa Parks
NEIL A. LEWIS / In the Shadow of Horror, SS Guardians Relax and Frolic
Images for Analysis:
Image 1. Rosa Parks Rides in the Front of the Bus
Image 2. Auschwitz victims of Medical Experiments
Image 3. Camp Officials at Leisure
Chapter 4: Reading, Thinking, and Writing about Issues
Getting Started on a Writing Assignment
Read to Develop Arguments for Your Paper
Take Notes and Avoid Plagiarism
Write Your Paper, Read It, Think about It, and Revise It
Organize Your Own Process for Reading, Thinking, and Writing about Issues
Practice Your Process by Writing These Papers
Submit Your Paper for Peer Review
Expressing Multiple Perspectives through Visual Argument
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Essays for Analysis:
JERRY ADLER / The Race for Survival
GINA KOLATA / Psst! Ask for Donor 1913
LANCE MORROW / The Year That Changed Everything
JEFF D. OPDYKE / Kids and Chores: All Work and No Pay?
PRISNA VIRASIN / The Controversy Behind Barbie
MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT SCALES (RET.) / Forget Flag Burning
Images for Analysis:
Image 1. Sperm Donors
Image 2. Three Perspectives on the American Flag as a Symbol
Part II: Understanding the Nature of Argument for Reading, Writing, and Viewing Images
Chapter 5: The Essential Parts of an Argument: The Toulmin Model
The Outcomes of Argument: Probability versus Certainty
The Parts of an Argument According to the Toulmin Model
Value of the Toulmin Model for Reading, Writing, and Viewing Argument
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Images for Analysis:
Image 1. Sense of Community, Advertisement
Image 2. �The Price of Oranges� Cartoon
Essays for Analysis:
VIRGINIA HEFFERNAN / Calling Blue: And on That Farm He Had a Cellphone
MOHAMED T. DIABY JR. / Toulmin Analysis of �The Price of Oranges� Cartoon
RICHARD D. RIEKE AND MALCOLM O. SILLARS / American Value Systems
Chapter 6: Types of Claims
Getting a Sense of the Purpose and Parts of an Argument
Five Types of Claims
Claims and Argument in Real Life
Value of the Claims Types and the Claim Questions for Reading, Viewing, and Writing Argument
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Essays for Analysis:
HAYA EL NASSER / Fewer Call Themselves Multiracial
EDITORIAL / Brother, Can You Spare a Word?
NICHOLAS BAKALAR / Nicotine Addiction Is Quick in Youths, Research Finds
MORTIMER B. ZUCKERMAN / What Sets Us Apart
KURT WIESENFELD / Making the Grade
MICHAEL CRICHTON / Let�s Stop Scaring Ourselves
JIM HOLT / Unintelligent Design
BARRY SCHWARTZ / When It�s All Too Much
DENISE GRADY / War Casualty Total Jumps, But Is Revised after Article
IAN URGINA / No Need to Stew: A Few Tips to Cope with Life�s Annoyances
PEG TYRE / Bringing Up Adultolescents
Images for Analysis:
Image 1: War Casualties
Image 2: Lunch at the United States�Mexico Border Fence
Image 3: The Rhône Glacier
Image 4. Liberate Your Cool, Advertisement
Image 5: Corn Power
Chapter 7: Types of Proof
The Traditional Categories of Proof
Types of Logical Proof: Logos
Proof That Builds Credibility: Ethos
Types of Emotional Proof: Pathos
Logos, Ethos, and Pathos Communicated Through Language and Style
Value of the Proofs for Reading, Writing, and Viewing Argument
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Essays for Analysis:
ANNA QUINDLEN / Undocumented, Indispensable
JEFFREY SACHS / Sharing the Wealth
THOMAS JEFFERSON / The Declaration of Independence
Images for Analysis:
Image 1: Meet the Philip Morris Generation, Advertisement
Image 2: Helping Out
Image 3: Who Has the Money, Chart
Image 4: Malnutrition in the Congo
Image 5: Kenyan Refugees
Chapter 8: The Fallacies and Ethical Argument
Fallacies in Logic
Fallacies That Affect Character or Ethos
Emotional Fallacies
Ethics and Morality in Argument
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Images for Analysis: Three Advertisements
Image 1: A Vitamins Ad
Image 2: A Body Spray Ad
Image 3: An Ad for a Blog
Essay for Analysis:
RUSH LIMBAUGH / The Latest from the Feminist �Front�
KELLY DICKERSON / Minor Problems?
Essay with Images for Analysis:
ABRAHAM LINCOLN / The Gettysburg Address
Image 1. President Lincoln amid the Crowd at Gettysburg Battlefield
Image 2. The Soldiers� National Monument, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
Chapter 9: Visual Argument
Recognizing Visual Argument
Why Visual Argument Is Convincing: Eight Special Features
Using Argument Theory to Critique Visual Argument
Bias in Visual Argument
Sample Analysis of a Visual Argument
Special Features of Visual Argument Employed in the Cartoon
Argument Theory Used for Analysis of the Cartoon
Add Visual Argument to Support Written Argument
Create Visual Arguments That Stand Alone
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Images for Analysis:
Image 1. West Bank Barrier
Image 2. Crossing Over
Image 3. Coming Home to a Destroyed Neighborhood
Image 4. Mother and Child
Image 5. LeBron James
Image 6. At Home Outdoors
Multiple Visual Perspectives on an Issue for Analysis:
Image 1. Adam and God
Image 2. Play Ball
Image 3. Robot with a Grappler
Image 4. Missionary and Child
Cartoon: "Get Out!� for Analysis
Visual Arguments Created by Students:
Student Visual Argument 1. Untitled Artwork
Student Visual Argument 2. Never Again
Analytical Essay on Never Again
Student Visual Argument 3. Farm Town News
Analytical Essay on Farm Town News
Chapter 10: Rogerian Argument and Common Ground
Achieving Common Ground in Rogerian Argument
Rogerian Argument as Strategy
Writing Rogerian Argument
Variations of Rogerian Argument
Unethical and Ethical Rogerian Argument
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Rogerian Argument
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Essays for Analysis:
EDWARD O. WILSON / The Future of Life
ANGELA A. BOATWRIGHT / Human Cloning: Is It a Viable Option?
ERIC HARTMAN / Let Those Who Ride Decide!
ELIZABETH NABHAN / Dear Boss
Images for Analysis:
Image 1. Hands Across the World
Image 2. Bridging the Gap
Image 3. Bipartisanship and What It Can Achieve
Appendix to Chapter 10: Review and Synthesis of the Strategies for Reading, Writing, and Argument Viewing�The Argument
Analysis Paper
Reading for the Argument Analysis Paper
Writing the Argument Analysis Paper
Rhetorical Situation for �A Call to Unity: A Letter from Eight White Clergymen� and �Letter from Birmingham Jail�
Focus Topics to Help You Analyze the Letters
Letters for Analysis
A Call for Unity: A Letter from Eight White Clergymen
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. / Letter from Birmingham Jail
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Part III: Writing a Research Paper That Presents an Argument
Chapter 11: The Research Paper: Clarifying Purpose and Understanding the Audience
Understanding the Assignment and Getting Started
Writing a Claim and Clarifying Your Purpose
Some Preliminary Questions to Help You Develop Your Claim
Developing a Research Plan
Understanding the Audience
Analyzing Your Class as Your Audience
Constructing an Unfamiliar Audience
Using Information about Your Audience
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Chapter 12: The Research Paper: Research and Invention
Get Organized for Research
Locating Sources for Research
Evaluate Both Print and Online Sources
Create a Bibliography
Survey, Skim, and Read Selectively
Develop a System for Taking and Organizing Your Notes
Two Invention Strategies to Help You Think Creatively about Your Research and Expand Your Own Ideas
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Add Visual Material to the Annotated Bibliography
EXAMPLE IMAGE / Welcome Clones of 2012!
Annotated Bibliography
ANGELA A. BOATWRIGHT / Human Cloning: An Annotated Bibliography
Chapter 13: The Research Paper: Organizing, Writing, and Revising
Classical Organization of Arguments
Classical and Modern Organization
Use Organizational Patterns to Help You Think and Organize
Incorporate Ideas from Your Exploratory Paper
How to Match Patterns and Support to Claims
Outline Your Paper and Cross-Reference Your Notes
Incorporating Research into Your First Draft
Make Revisions and Prepare the Final Copy
Present Your Paper Orally to the Class
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Appendix to Chapter 13: How to Document Sources Using
MLA and APA Styles
MLA: HOW TO CITE SOURCES IN THE BODY OF THE TEXT
MLA: HOW TO CITE SOURCES IN THE �WORKS CITED� PAGE
MLA: STUDENT PAPER IN MLA STYLE
PRISNA VIRASIN / The Big Barbie Controversy
QUESTIONS ON THE RESEARCHED POSITION PAPER, MLA STYLE
APA: HOW TO CITE SOURCES IN THE BODY OF THE TEXT
APA: HOW TO CITE SOURCES IN THE �REFERENCES� PAGE
APA: STUDENT PAPER IN APA STYLE
DARRELL D. GREER / Alaskan Wolf Management
QUESTIONS ON THE RESEARCHED POSITION PAPER, APA STYLE
Part IV: Further Applications: Argument and Literature
Chapter 14: Argument and Literature
Finding and Analyzing Arguments in Literature
Writing Arguments about Literature
Review Questions
Exercises and Activities
Literature for Analysis:
Poem / LANGSTON HUGHES / Theme for English B
Poem / TAYLOR MALI / Totally Like Whatever, You Know?
Poem / ROBERT FROST / Mending Wall
Short Story / URSULA K. LE GUIN / The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Graphic Novel / ART SPIEGELMAN / Maus: A Survivor�s Tale
Synthesis of Chapters 1-14: Summary Charts
Part V: The Reader
Introduction to �The Reader�: Reading and Writing about Issue Areas
Purpose of �The Reader�
How to Use �The Reader�
Section 1: Issues Concerning Families and Personal Relationships
The Issues
Web Sites for Further Exploration and Research
Films and Literature Related to Families and Personal Relationships
The Rhetorical Situation
A. WHAT IS THE STATUS OF THE TRADITIONAL AMERICAN FAMILY? HOW IS THE FAMILY
BEING REDEFINED?
MEGAN KELSO / Watergate Sue: Epilogue
SARAH YOEST PEDERSON / A Family of a Different Feather
LISA TAKEUCHI CULLEN AND LEV GROSSMAN / Fatherhood 2.0
HEATHER CABOT / Loving Late Motherhood
SAMMY CAHN AND JIMMY VAN HEUSEN / �Love and Marriage�
B. WHAT CAUSES PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS TO SUCCEED OR FAIL?
STEVEN PINKER / Crazy Love
READING IMAGES: Movie Madness
BELINDA LUSCOMBE / Why We Flirt
ANITA JAIN / Is Arranged Marriage Really Any Worse Than Craigslist?
JENNIFER 8 LEE / The Man Date
JOHN TIERNEY / Hitting It Off, Thanks to Algorithms of Love
Questions to Help You Think and Write About Families and Personal Relationships
Section 2: Issues Concerning Modern Technology
The Issues
Web Sites for Further Exploration and Research
Films and Literature Related to Modern Technology
The Rhetorical Situation
A. HOW ARE WEB 2.0 TECHNOLOGIES CHANGING THE WAY WE LIVE AND OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD?
BBC NEWS STAFF / �Amateur Culture� Set to Explode
ANDREW KEEN / Introduction, The Cult of the Amateur
READING IMAGES: DICK LOCHER / �Today�s Technology�
KURT SOLLER / Facebook: Why I Love It . . .
SARAH KLIFF / Facebook: Why I Hate It . . .
ASHLEY JONES / YouTube�s Legal Issues Grow
EDWARD TENNER / Searching for Dummies
READING IMAGES: Ways of Reading
MATTHEW KIRSCHENBAUM / How Reading Is Being Reimagined
B. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS AND DANGERS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING BOTH FOR INDIVIDUALS AND FOR SOCIETY?
RAY KURZWEIL / Our Bodies, Our Technologies
JEREMY RIFKIN / Ultimate Therapy: Commercial Eugenics in the 21st Century
PEGGY ORENSTEIN / Your Gamete, Myself
Questions to Help You Think and Write About Modern Technology
Section 3: Issues Concerning Crime and the Treatment of Criminals
The Issues
Web Sites for Further Exploration and Research
Films and Literature Related to Crime and the Treatment of Criminals
The Rhetorical Situation
A. HOW SHOULD WE TREAT CONVICTED CRIMINALS?
JAMES GILLIGAN / Reflections from a Life Behind Bars: Build Colleges, Not Prisons
MARY WILTENBURG / Shakespeare Behind Bars: Hamlet
RAY QUINTANILLA / Dog Training in Women�s Prison
READING IMAGES: Methods of Execution
ROBERT TANNER / Studies Say Death Penalty Deters Crime
THE ECONOMIST STAFF / Revenge Begins to Seem Less Sweet
B. WHAT SHOULD BE DONE WITH YOUNG OFFENDERS?
ARISTOTLE / The Characteristics of Youth
CLAUDIA WALLIS / Too Young to Die
DANIEL R. WEINBERGER / A Brain Too Young for Good Judgment
WILLIAM GLABERSON / A Legal Debate in Guantánamo on Boy Fighters
ALAN FEUER / Out of Jail, Into Temptation: A Day in a Life
Questions to Help You Think and Write About Crime and the Treatment of Criminals
Section 4: Issues Concerning Race, Culture, and Identity
The Issues
Web Sites for Further Exploration and Research
Films and Literature Related to Race, Culture, and Identity
The Rhetorical Situation
A. HOW IMPORTANT IS RACE TO AMERICAN IDENTITY?
RICHARD DYER / The Matter of Whiteness
READING IMAGES: Racial Role Reversal in William Shakespeare�s Othello
EMMA DALY / DNA Test Gives Students Ethnic Shocks
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. / I Have a Dream
K. A. DILDAY / Go Back to Black
B. TO WHAT EXTENT DOES INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY DEPEND ON ETHNIC AFFILIATION?
YAHLIN CHANG / Asian Identity Crisis
DORINNE K. KONDO / On Being a Conceptual Anomaly
KATIE HALPER / Digging for Roots at Secular Camp
RICHARD RODRIGUEZ / Surnames Reflect Changing Face of America
Questions to Help You Think and Write About Race, Culture, and Identity
Section 5: Issues Concerning the Environment
The Issues
Web Sites for Further Exploration and Research
Film and Literature Related to the Environment
The Rhetorical Situation
A. IS GLOBAL WARMING A PROBLEM, AND IF IT IS, WHAT
CAN BE DONE ABOUT IT?
AL GORE / Introduction, An Inconvenient Truth
TOM HARRIS / Al Gore, Global Warming, Inconvenient Truth: Scientists Respond to Gore�s Warning of Climate Catastrophe
GREGG EASTERBROOK / Some Convenient Truths
BRIAN CLARK / The Butterfly Effect and the Environment: How Tiny Actions Can Save the World
B. HOW CAN WE RESOLVE THE ECONOMY VERSUS ENVIRONMENT DEBATE?
GEORGE F. WILL / An Inconvenient Price
READING IMAGES: Coal Mining and the Environment
ERIC REECE / Moving Mountains: The Battle for Justice Comes to the Coal Fields of Appalachia
READING IMAGES: The Rain Forest
STUART PRICE / Carving Up the Congo
CLAIRE ANDRE AND MANUEL VELASQUEZ / Ethics and the Spotted Owl Controversy
BRIAN WINGFIELD / For Job Market, Green Means Growth
READING IMAGES: �Near-Zero Energy Home� Advertisement
Questions to Help You Think and Write About the Environment
Section 6: Issues Concerning Immigration
The Issues
Web Sites for Further Exploration and Research
Film and Literature Related to Immigration
The Rhetorical Situation
A. HOW SHOULD WE RESPOND TO THE GLOBAL PROBLEM OF ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION?
MARC COOPER / Exodus
DANIEL ALTMAN / Shattering Stereotypes about Immigrant Workers
PETER WILBY / The Right to Sell Labor
EDITORIAL, �SIGNS OF THE TIMES� / Migration: The Larger Picture
B. DO GOOD FENCES MAKE GOOD NEIGHBORS WHEN DEFINING NATIONAL BORDERS?
JONAH GOLDBERG / To Wall or Not to Wall
KEVIN G. HALL / Low-Tech Fence Cuts Down on Problems
STAFF WRITER, MCCLATCHY NEWSPAPERS / Most of Town�s Residents Say They Support Solution
READING IMAGES: What Is American?
MIGUEL BUSTILLO / Town Against the Wall
C. WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMMIGRATION AND NATIONALITY?
ARIAN CAMPO-FLORES / America�s Divide
JAE RAN KIM / The Great American Melting Pot?
LYNN AHRENS / The Great American Melting Pot
READING IMAGES: American Ideals
JAMES MONTAGUE / They Just Won�t Mix
Questions to Help You Think and Write About Immigration
Section 7: Issues Concerning War and Peace
The Issues
Web Sites for Further Exploration and Research
Films and Literature Related to War and Peace
The Rhetorical Situation
A. IS WAR INEVITABLE? HOW DOES WAR BECOME INTEGRAL TO SOCIETY?
WILLIAM JAMES / The Moral Equivalent of War
READING IMAGES: War Memorials and Martial Character
MARGARET MEAD / Warfare: An Invention�Not a Biological Necessity
CHRIS HEDGES / War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning
HAMZA HENDAWI / Iraqi Kids Play Make-Believe War Games
READING IMAGES: KHALID MOHAMMED / Seeking Shelter Where He Can Find It
JOAN RYAN / Army�s War Game Recruits Kids
B. HOW DO PEOPLE JUSTIFY WAR?
WILLIAM J. BENNETT / Why We Fight
GERARD F. POWERS / Our Moral Duty in Iraq
HAIM WATZMAN / When You Have To Shoot First
C. WHAT MIGHT HELP ESTABLISH PEACE?
RICHARD RHODES / Living with the Bomb
ROBERT HIRSCHFIELD / Battle Stories Bring Former Enemies Together
SUSAN NEIMAN / To Resist Hitler and Survive
MICHAEL WALZER / The Politics of Rescue
Questions to Help You Think and Write About War and Peace
Credits
Topic Index
Author-Title Index
Brief Contents:
Part I: Engaging with Argument for Reading, Writing, and Viewing Images
1 A Perspective on Argument
2 Identifying Your Preferred Argument Style
3 The Rhetorical Situation: Understanding Audience and Context
4 Reading, Thinking, and Writing About Issues
Part II: Understanding the Nature of Argument for Reading, Writing, and Viewing Images
5 The Essential Parts of an Argument: The Toulmin Model
6 Types of Claims
7 Types of Proof
8 The Fallacies and Ethical Argument
9 Visual Argument
10 Rogerian Argument and Common Ground
Appendix to Chapter 10: Review and Synthesis of the Strategies
for Reading and Writing Argument
Part III: Writing a Research Paper That Presents an Argument
11 The Research Paper: Clarifying Purpose and Understanding the Audience
12 The Research Paper: Research and Invention
13 The Research Paper: Organizing, Writing, and Revising
Appendix to Chapter 13: How to Document Sources Using MLA
and APA Styles
Part IV: Further Applications: Argument and Literature
14 Argument and Literature
Synthesis of Chapters 1�14: Summary Charts
Part V: The Reader
Section 1 Issues Concerning Families and Personal Relationships
Section 2 Issues Concerning Modern Technology
Section 3 Issues Concerning Crime and the Treatment of Criminals
Section 4 Issues Concerning Race, Culture, and Identity
